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Information system and its roles There are several types of information systems, each serving different roles in Management Information Systems (MIS): Transaction Processing System (TPS): Handles day-to-day business transactions and records them. It forms the foundation of an MIS by collecting and storing data for further analysis. Decision Support System (DSS): Provides tools for decision-makers to analyze data, create scenarios, and make informed decisions. It assists in solving complex, non-routine problems. Executive Information System (EIS): Offers top-level executives summarized and graphical information, aiding strategic decision-making by providing an overview of the organization's performance. Management Reporting System: Generates predefined reports for various levels of management, assisting them in monitoring operations and making tactical decisions. Expert Systems: Utilizes artificial intelligence and knowledge-based rules to provide expertise in specific domains, assi...

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 Engineering is a rapidly evolving field that plays a critical role in shaping the infrastructure, technology, and development of any country, including Nepal. Importance of Engineering Studies in Nepal: Infrastructure Development: Engineering is at the forefront of building and maintaining infrastructure in Nepal, including roads, bridges, buildings, and hydropower projects. This is crucial for economic development and connectivity in a geographically diverse country like Nepal. Technological Advancement: Engineers contribute to technological advancements, such as the development of clean energy solutions, digital infrastructure, and innovative agricultural techniques, which can significantly improve the quality of life in Nepal. Disaster Mitigation: Nepal is prone to natural disasters like earthquakes and landslides. Engineers play a vital role in designing structures and systems that can withstand these challenges and protect lives and property. Applications of Engineering in Ne...

SQL DDL and DML Examples Examples of DDL (Data Definition Language) and DML (Data Manipulation Language) commands in SQL. DDL (Data Definition Language) Examples: 1. Create a new database: CREATE DATABASE SchoolDB;  2. Create a table: CREATE TABLE Students ( StudentID INT PRIMARY KEY, FirstName VARCHAR(50), LastName VARCHAR(50), Age INT );  3. Alter a table to add a new column: ALTER TABLE Students ADD Email VARCHAR(100);  4. Drop a table: DROP TABLE Students;  5. Rename a table: ALTER TABLE OldTableName RENAME TO NewTableName;  DML (Data Manipulation Language) Examples: 1. Insert data into a table:  INSERT INTO Students (StudentID, FirstName, LastName, Age) VALUES (1, 'John', 'Doe', 20);  2. Update data in a table: UPDATE Students SET Age = 21 WHERE StudentID = 1;  3. Delete data from a table: DELETE FROM Students WHERE StudentID = 1;  4. Select data from a table: SELECT * FROM Students;  5. Select data with conditions: SELECT FirstName...

 1. Write a c program to enter id,name,and marks scored in math, science, social of 5 students. Also display in proper format along with percentages using structure . #include <stdio.h> #include<conio.h> struct Student  {     int id;     char name[50];     int mathMarks;     int scienceMarks;     int socialMarks; }; void  main()  {     struct Student s[5]; int i; int totalMarks: float percentage;     for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)  {              printf("ID: ");         scanf("%d", &s[i].id);                  printf("Name: ");         scanf("%s", s[i].name);         printf("Marks scored in Maths: ");         scanf("%d", &s[i].mathMarks);                  printf("Marks sco...

Computer and Its Characteristics:  A computer is a complex electronic device capable of performing a wide range of tasks, from simple calculations to complex data processing and communication. Here are the fundamental characteristics of a computer: Processing : Computers are designed to process data and execute instructions. They can perform arithmetic and logical operations on data, making them versatile for various applications. Data Storage : Computers can store data in various forms, including text, numbers, images, and multimedia. This data can be stored in both temporary memory (RAM) and long-term storage devices (hard drives, SSDs, etc.). Digital Operation : Computers operate based on digital principles, using binary code (0s and 1s) to represent and process data. Digital processing allows for precise calculations and data manipulation. Speed : Computers are capable of performing tasks at extremely high speeds, measured in millions or billions of instructions per second (MIP...

 What does "B2B" stand for in e-commerce? a. Buy to Business b. Business to Buyer c. Business to Business d. Buyer to Buyer Answer: c. Business to Business Which payment method is commonly associated with e-commerce and allows customers to make secure online payments without sharing their financial information? a. Cash on Delivery (COD) b. Credit Card c. Digital Wallet d. Bank Transfer Answer: c. Digital Wallet What is the term for the practice of tailoring product recommendations to individual customers based on their browsing and purchase history in e-commerce? a. Personalization b. Subscription-based model c. Price comparison d. Auction Answer: a. Personalization Big Data: What does "Hadoop" refer to in the context of big data? a. A programming language for data analysis b. A database management system c. An open-source framework for distributed storage and processing of large datasets d. A data visualization tool Answer: c. An open-source framework for distribut...

 What is the primary concept behind Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)? a. Procedural programming b. Code optimization c. Data and behavior encapsulation d. Functional programming Answer: c. Data and behavior encapsulation In OOP, what is an object? a. A function b. A data type c. An instance of a class with both data and methods d. A variable Answer: c. An instance of a class with both data and methods What is a class in OOP? a. A blueprint or template for creating objects b. An instance of an object c. A data structure d. A function Answer: a. A blueprint or template for creating objects What is the process of creating an object from a class called in OOP? a. Instantiation b. Declaration c. Inheritance d. Encapsulation Answer: a. Instantiation Which OOP principle allows a class to inherit the properties and methods of another class? a. Abstraction b. Polymorphism c. Inheritance d. Encapsulation Answer: c. Inheritance What is the term for the ability of different classes to be trea...

 What does "printf" stand for in C programming? a. Print File b. Print Function c. Print Format d. Print Formatter Answer: b. Print Function Which of the following is not a valid C data type? a. int b. float c. bool d. char Answer: c. bool What is the syntax for declaring a constant in C? a. const int x = 10; b. constant x = 10; c. int constant x = 10; d. int x = constant 10; Answer: a. const int x = 10; In C, which escape sequence is used to represent the backslash character ""? a. \n b. \t c. \ d. " Answer: c. \ What does the "scanf" function do in C? a. Print formatted text b. Read input from the user c. Calculate mathematical expressions d. Define a function Answer: b. Read input from the user Which header file is needed to use the "printf" and "scanf" functions in C? a. <stdio.h> b. <stdlib.h> c. <math.h> d. <string.h> Answer: a. <stdio.h> What is the correct way to declare an array in C to store ...

 What is the basic purpose of computer networking? a. To enhance computer performance b. To connect computers for data sharing and communication c. To secure computer data d. To perform complex mathematical calculations Answer: b. To connect computers for data sharing and communication What does LAN stand for in computer networking? a. Local Access Network b. Large Area Network c. Local Area Network d. Long Access Network Answer: c. Local Area Network Which of the following is an example of a wireless communication technology used in LANs? a. Ethernet b. Bluetooth c. Fiber optics d. DSL Answer: b. Bluetooth What does WAN stand for in computer networking? a. Wireless Area Network b. Wide Area Network c. Wired Area Network d. Web Area Network Answer: b. Wide Area Network Which network topology connects all devices in a linear sequence? a. Bus b. Star c. Ring d. Mesh Answer: a. Bus What is the purpose of a router in a computer network? a. To connect devices within a LAN b. To connect ...

 What is a database? a. A collection of files stored on a computer b. A structured collection of data organized for efficient retrieval c. A type of computer program d. A network of connected computers Answer: b. A structured collection of data organized for efficient retrieval Which of the following is NOT a type of database model? a. Relational b. NoSQL c. Hierarchical d. Algorithmic Answer: d. Algorithmic What is SQL an acronym for? a. Structured Query Language b. Sequential Query Language c. System Query Language d. Simplified Query Language Answer: a. Structured Query Language Which database model uses a schema-less approach and is suitable for handling unstructured data? a. Relational b. NoSQL c. Hierarchical d. Object-Oriented Answer: b. NoSQL What is a primary key in a relational database? a. A key used for encryption b. A unique identifier for each record in a table c. A key used for foreign key relationships d. A key that can be null Answer: b. A unique identifier for eac...