Software Process Model(SPM)

Explain spiral development model with advantages and disadvantages

The Spiral Development Model is a risk-driven software development approach that combines iterative and waterfall models. It involves repeated cycles (or spirals) to incrementally refine the software project. Each spiral consists of four major phases: Planning, Risk Analysis, Engineering, and Evaluation.

Fig: Spiral Software development model

Phases in the Spiral Model:

Planning: Requirements are gathered and objectives are set for the project.
Risk Analysis: Risks are identified, analyzed, and mitigation strategies are developed.
Develop/Engineering: The actual development and testing of the product take place.
Evaluation: Stakeholders/users review the progress and provide feedback, influencing the next spiral.

The process is repeated for each iteration, gradually improving the product until completion.

Advantages:

Risk Management: Focus on risk analysis helps identify and address potential problems early.
Flexibility: Requirements can be refined and adjusted in each iteration.
Customer Satisfaction: Continuous feedback ensures the product aligns with customer expectations.
Cost Efficiency: Early identification of risks and issues reduces the likelihood of costly errors.
Better Resource Allocation: Allows phased commitment of resources, improving efficiency.

Disadvantages:

Complexity: The model can be complex to manage due to its iterative and risk-driven nature.
Costly: Risk analysis and iterative processes can increase development costs.
Time-Consuming: The detailed analysis and multiple iterations may extend the timeline.
Requires Expertise: Effective risk assessment requires skilled professionals.
Not Suitable for Small Projects: The overhead of this model may not be justified for small or low-risk projects.

The Spiral Model is best suited for large, complex, and high-risk projects where adaptability and risk management are crucial.

Explain agile software development model with advantages and disadvantages

The Agile Software Development Model is an iterative and incremental approach focused on delivering small, functional pieces of software quickly and frequently. It emphasizes flexibility, collaboration, and customer feedback. Agile divides the development process into short time-boxed iterations or "sprints," each resulting in a potentially shippable product increment.

Fig : Agile software Development model

Principles of Agile:

Customer Collaboration: Continuous involvement of stakeholders ensures the product meets user needs.
Iterative Development: Development occurs in small, manageable cycles for frequent delivery.
Embrace Change: Agile welcomes changes in requirements even late in development.
Self-Organizing Teams: Empowered teams take ownership of tasks.
Focus on Working Software: Delivering functional software is prioritized over exhaustive documentation.

Advantages:

Flexibility and Adaptability: Agile accommodates changing requirements throughout the project lifecycle.
Faster Delivery: Continuous delivery of functional software ensures quicker time-to-market.
Customer Satisfaction: Frequent updates and feedback loops keep the product aligned with user needs.
Improved Collaboration: Close interaction between developers, stakeholders, and customers fosters teamwork.
Risk Reduction: Incremental delivery reduces the risk of complete project failure.
Transparency: Regular updates and reviews increase project visibility.

Disadvantages:

Lack of Predictability: Constant changes can make planning and forecasting difficult.
Scope Creep: Flexibility in accommodating changes can lead to uncontrolled growth in scope.
Requires Discipline: Agile teams need strict discipline to manage tasks effectively.
Resource Intensive: Continuous collaboration and frequent meetings can strain resources.
Not Suitable for All Projects: Agile may not be ideal for projects with fixed requirements or strict deadlines.
Documentation Neglect: Prioritizing working software may lead to insufficient documentation.

Agile is best suited for projects where requirements are likely to evolve, and there’s a need for regular delivery and customer interaction, such as software startups or dynamic business environments.

Explain Waterfall model with its advantages and disadvantages.

The Waterfall Model is a linear and sequential software development methodology. In this model, progress flows downwards through a series of fixed phases, much like a waterfall. Each phase must be completed before moving on to the next, and there is no overlap between phases.

Fig: Waterfall software development Model

Phases in the Waterfall Model:

Requirement Analysis: Gathering and documenting the complete set of requirements.
System Design: Creating the architecture and design of the system based on requirements.
Implementation: Writing and developing the actual code.
Testing: Verifying and validating the system to ensure it meets requirements.
Deployment: Delivering the completed product to the client or end-users.
Maintenance: Addressing issues, updating, and enhancing the software post-deployment.

Advantages:

Simplicity: The linear structure makes the process easy to understand and implement.
Well-Defined Stages: Each phase has specific deliverables, making project tracking straightforward.
Document Driven: Extensive documentation ensures clarity and future reference.
Suitable for Fixed Requirements: Ideal for projects where requirements are well-defined and unlikely to change.
Effective for Smaller Projects: Works well for small, simple, and low-risk projects with clear objectives.

Disadvantages:

Lack of Flexibility: It is difficult to accommodate changes once the project has moved past the requirements phase.
Late Feedback: Users or stakeholders only see the final product, leading to potential mismatches with expectations.
High Risk: A single mistake in any phase can cascade through the process, affecting the entire project.
No Overlapping Phases: The strict phase transition can slow down the development process.
Inadequate for Complex Projects: It is less effective for large, dynamic projects with evolving requirements.

The Waterfall Model is best suited for projects with fixed and well-documented requirements, such as government contracts or legacy systems, where predictability and thorough documentation are essential. However, it is less suitable for projects requiring frequent changes or customer interaction.

Explain prototyping with its advantages and disadvantages.

Prototyping is a software development model where a working prototype (a preliminary version of the software) is created early in the project. The prototype is an incomplete version of the software but demonstrates its core functionalities. It helps stakeholders visualize the system, refine requirements, and identify potential issues before the final product is developed.

Fig: Prototyping Model

Steps in the Prototyping Model:

Requirement Gathering: Initial requirements are collected to create a basic prototype.
Quick Design: A simple design focusing on user interface and basic features is developed.
Prototype Development: A functional prototype is built based on the quick design.
User Evaluation: Stakeholders review the prototype and provide feedback.
Refinement: Feedback is incorporated, and the prototype is improved through iterations.
Final Product Development: Once the prototype is approved, the actual system is developed, tested, and deployed.

Advantages:

Improved Requirement Gathering: Visual representation helps stakeholders articulate requirements more effectively.
Customer Satisfaction: Early user feedback ensures the product meets expectations.
Reduced Risks: Issues are identified early, reducing the risk of costly errors later.
Flexibility: Prototyping allows changes and refinements throughout the development process.
Faster Delivery: Rapid prototyping speeds up the initial development phase.
Better Communication: Prototypes act as a medium to bridge the gap between developers and non-technical stakeholders.

Disadvantages:

Time-Consuming: Frequent revisions and iterations can delay the overall timeline.
Costly: Building multiple prototypes may increase development costs.
Scope Creep: Continuous feedback and changes can lead to uncontrolled expansion of the project scope.
Over-Reliance on Prototypes: Stakeholders may confuse the prototype with the final product, leading to unrealistic expectations.
Inadequate Documentation: The focus on visual feedback may result in less emphasis on detailed documentation.
Poorly Designed Final System: If the prototype is poorly structured, it might negatively influence the final product's design and performance.

Prototyping is ideal for projects with unclear requirements or innovative ideas, such as user-centered applications or systems involving complex user interfaces. It’s less effective for large-scale projects with fixed requirements or when the cost and time constraints are stringent.

Fig: Software Development Life Cycle(SDLC)

Explain the steps of SDLC.

The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a systematic process for designing, developing, testing, and deploying high-quality software. It provides a structured approach to software development, ensuring that the end product meets user requirements and is delivered on time and within budget.

Steps of SDLC:

Study/Planning:

In this phase, the project scope, objectives, and feasibility are determined.
Key activities include resource allocation, cost estimation, timeline creation, and risk assessment.
Output: A project plan or roadmap.

Requirement Analysis:

Gather detailed requirements from stakeholders, users, or business analysts.
Analyze functional and non-functional requirements to ensure clarity and completeness.
Output: Requirement Specification Document (e.g., SRS - Software Requirements Specification).

System Design:

Convert requirements into a blueprint for the system architecture and design.
Define system components, data flow, database design, and user interfaces.
Output: Design documents, such as High-Level Design (HLD) and Low-Level Design (LLD).

Implementation (Coding):

Developers write code based on the design documents.
The system is divided into modules or units, which are developed and tested individually.
Output: Source code.

Testing:

The developed software is tested for defects, errors, and compatibility.
Types of testing include unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and user acceptance testing.
Output: A tested and verified software product.

Deployment:

The software is released for production use after thorough testing.
Deployment can be done in phases or all at once, depending on the project requirements.
Output: Deployed software in the live environment.

Maintenance:

Ongoing support is provided to address bugs, updates, or enhancements.
Activities include patch management, performance optimization, and adapting to changing requirements.
Output: Stable and updated software over time.

Key Characteristics of SDLC:

Iterative or Linear: Depending on the model used (e.g., Agile, Waterfall).
Quality Assurance: Ensures the software meets defined standards and user expectations.
Stakeholder Involvement: Engages users, managers, and developers throughout the process.

The SDLC provides a framework that helps organizations deliver software effectively, ensuring systematic progress and reducing risks.

what is software Testing explain its types.

What is Software Testing?

Software testing is the process of evaluating a software application to ensure it meets the specified requirements and is free of defects. It involves executing the software to identify bugs, verify functionality, and ensure quality, reliability, and performance.

The primary goals of software testing are:

Verification: To check if the software meets its intended purpose.
Validation: To ensure the software functions correctly for end-users.
Error Detection: To identify and fix defects before deployment.

Types of Software Testing

Software testing can be broadly categorized into manual testing and automated testing, and further divided into functional and non-functional types:

1. Functional Testing

Tests the functionality of the software to ensure it behaves as expected.

Unit Testing:

Focuses on individual components or modules of the software.
Ensures each unit performs as intended.
Example: Testing a login form's validation logic.

Integration Testing:

Verifies the interaction between different modules.
Ensures combined modules work together as expected.
Types:

Top-Down: Testing starts from high-level modules to low-level ones.
Bottom-Up: Testing starts from low-level modules to higher ones.

System Testing:

Tests the complete and integrated system.
Ensures the entire application meets the specified requirements.

Acceptance Testing:

Conducted by end-users or stakeholders.
Determines whether the software is ready for deployment.
Types:

Alpha Testing: Performed in a controlled environment by developers or internal users.
Beta Testing: Performed by real users in a live environment.

2. Non-Functional Testing

Focuses on the quality aspects of the software, such as performance, usability, and security.

Performance Testing:

Evaluates the speed, responsiveness, and stability of the software under load.
Types:

Load Testing: Tests the application under expected load.
Stress Testing: Tests the application's behavior under extreme conditions.

Security Testing:

Identifies vulnerabilities and ensures the application is secure from threats.

Usability Testing:

Ensures the software is user-friendly and easy to navigate.

Compatibility Testing:

Verifies that the software works correctly across different devices, browsers, or operating systems.

Scalability Testing:

Evaluates the application's ability to scale up to handle increased workload.

3. Manual Testing

Test cases are executed manually without the use of tools.
Useful for exploratory, usability, and ad-hoc testing.

4. Automated Testing

Test cases are executed using automation tools like Selenium, JUnit, or TestNG.
Ideal for regression testing, performance testing, and repetitive tasks.

Key Differences Between Functional and Non-Functional Testing:

Aspect	Functional Testing	Non-Functional Testing
Purpose	Verifies what the system does	Verifies how the system works
Focus	User requirements	Performance, usability, etc.
Tools	Rarely uses tools	Often uses specialized tools

By combining various types of testing, organizations ensure the software is robust, reliable, and meets user expectations.

Differentiate between black box and white box testing.

Difference Between Black Box Testing and White Box Testing

Aspect	Black Box Testing	White Box Testing
Definition	Testing that focuses on the functionality of the software without considering the internal code structure or logic.	Testing that examines the internal workings, code, and logic of the software.
Knowledge of Code	No knowledge of the internal code is required.	Requires in-depth knowledge of the software’s code and architecture.
Tester Role	Performed by testers, quality analysts, or end-users.	Typically performed by developers or testers with programming expertise.
Focus	Focuses on what the system does (functional aspects).	Focuses on how the system works (internal logic and structure).
Techniques Used	Equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, decision table testing, state transition testing, etc.	Statement coverage, branch coverage, path coverage, and condition coverage.
Testing Level	Typically applied at higher levels of testing, such as system testing or acceptance testing.	Usually conducted during unit testing or integration testing.
Perspective	End-user perspective: testing based on input and output.	Developer perspective: testing based on internal code and logic.
Tools	Tools are generally optional and include JIRA, Selenium, and QTP for automation.	Requires tools like JUnit, NUnit, or code analyzers to test code structure.
Advantages	- Easy to use, as it doesn’t require coding knowledge. - Focuses on user expectations and functionality. - Unbiased testing, as the tester doesn’t view the internal code.	- Ensures internal code quality and optimization. - Helps identify logical errors, dead code, and security vulnerabilities. - Increases code coverage.
Disadvantages	- Limited in scope; doesn’t test internal code or structure. - Difficult to pinpoint specific bugs in the code.	- Time-consuming and complex, especially for large systems. - Requires skilled testers with programming knowledge.

Summary:

Black Box Testing: Focuses on functional testing by treating the system as a "black box" where only inputs and outputs are tested.
White Box Testing: Focuses on structural testing by delving into the internal logic and code of the application.

Both types of testing are complementary and essential for ensuring a software product is both functionally accurate and technically sound.

what is software project management? explain the steps involved in software project management.

What is Software Project Management?

Software Project Management is the process of planning, organizing, executing, and controlling a software development project to achieve its goals within the defined constraints of time, cost, and resources. It ensures the software is delivered on time, within budget, and meets the required quality standards.

It involves managing tasks such as requirement gathering, resource allocation, risk management, communication, and progress monitoring to ensure project success.

Steps Involved in Software Project Management

Project Initiation:

Define the project objectives, scope, and purpose.
Identify stakeholders and their requirements.
Conduct a feasibility study to evaluate technical, financial, and operational viability.
Create a project charter or statement of work (SOW).

Project Planning:

Develop a detailed project plan, including:

Requirements Analysis: Documenting functional and non-functional requirements.
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS): Breaking down the project into smaller, manageable tasks.
Scheduling: Creating timelines and milestones using tools like Gantt charts.
Resource Allocation: Assigning resources, including team members, tools, and budget.
Risk Management: Identifying potential risks and devising mitigation strategies.

Project Execution:

Carry out the planned tasks and activities.
Assign responsibilities and ensure team collaboration.
Implement project management methodologies (e.g., Agile, Scrum, Waterfall) based on the project's needs.
Track progress and ensure tasks are completed as scheduled.

Monitoring and Control:

Continuously monitor the project's progress against the planned schedule and budget.
Use metrics like Earned Value Management (EVM) to measure performance.
Identify and address deviations or bottlenecks.
Conduct regular status meetings and update stakeholders.

Quality Assurance:

Ensure the software meets the required quality standards.
Conduct regular testing (unit, integration, system, acceptance) and peer reviews.
Document and address bugs or issues.

Risk Management:

Continuously evaluate risks throughout the project lifecycle.
Implement mitigation or contingency plans to minimize impact on the project.

Project Closure:

Deliver the final software product to the client or stakeholders.
Obtain formal approval and acceptance.
Conduct post-mortem analysis or lessons learned sessions to review what worked well and what didn’t.
Document project outcomes and archive all project-related materials.

Key Aspects of Software Project Management:

Time Management: Ensuring timely completion of tasks.
Cost Management: Monitoring budget to prevent overruns.
Communication: Maintaining clear and regular communication among stakeholders.
Team Management: Leading and motivating the team effectively.

Software Project Management is essential for ensuring that projects are completed successfully, with minimal risks and maximum efficiency. By following structured steps, project managers can deliver high-quality software solutions that meet stakeholders' expectations.

what is feasibility study. Explain the types of feasibility study.

What is a Feasibility Study?

A feasibility study is an assessment conducted to determine whether a proposed project or system is viable, achievable, and worth pursuing. It evaluates various aspects of the project to ensure its success by analyzing the potential risks, costs, benefits, and resources involved.

The goal is to identify potential problems and provide decision-makers with the information needed to decide whether to proceed with the project.

Types of Feasibility Study

Technical Feasibility:

Evaluates whether the technology and resources required for the project are available and adequate.
Analyzes:

Hardware and software requirements.
Technical expertise of the team.
Compatibility with existing systems.

Example: Determining if a company has the infrastructure to develop a cloud-based application.

Economic Feasibility:

Assesses the financial aspects of the project to determine whether it is cost-effective and profitable.
Analyzes:

Initial investment and development costs.
Operational costs and expected benefits.
Return on Investment (ROI) and break-even analysis.

Example: Calculating the budget required for a new software solution and comparing it to the projected revenue increase.

Operational Feasibility:

Determines whether the proposed system will function effectively within the existing business processes and meet user requirements.
Analyzes:

User acceptance and adaptability.
Organizational fit and cultural alignment.
Impact on current operations.

Example: Checking if employees can adapt to a new CRM system without disrupting customer service.

Legal Feasibility:

Ensures that the project complies with legal and regulatory requirements.
Analyzes:

Data protection and privacy laws.
Intellectual property and licensing.
Industry-specific regulations.

Example: Ensuring a healthcare application complies with HIPAA regulations.

Schedule Feasibility:

Assesses whether the project can be completed within the proposed timeline.
Analyzes:

Project deadlines.
Availability of resources to meet schedules.
Dependencies on external factors.

Example: Evaluating if a mobile app can be launched before a competitor's similar app.

Steps in Conducting a Feasibility Study:

Define the scope of the project.
Identify potential solutions and alternatives.
Conduct detailed analysis for each type of feasibility.
Evaluate risks and constraints.
Present findings in a feasibility report for decision-making.

Importance of a Feasibility Study:

Helps identify potential risks and obstacles.
Saves time and resources by preventing unviable projects.
Provides a clear roadmap for project execution.
Enhances decision-making and stakeholder confidence.

A comprehensive feasibility study ensures that only projects with high chances of success are undertaken, aligning resources and efforts with organizational goals.

What is Requirement gathering? what are the methods of requirement gathering.

What is Requirement Gathering?

Requirement Gathering is the process of collecting and documenting the needs and expectations of stakeholders for a software project. It serves as the foundation for designing, developing, and implementing a system that meets user and business needs.

The goal of requirement gathering is to ensure a clear understanding of:

What the system should do (functional requirements).
How it should perform (non-functional requirements).

This process involves collaboration among stakeholders, including clients, end-users, developers, and project managers.

Methods of Requirement Gathering

Interviews:

One-on-one discussions with stakeholders to gather detailed information.
Types: Structured (predefined questions), Semi-structured, and Unstructured.
Advantages: Provides in-depth understanding and clarity.
Example: Interviewing a client to understand the core functionality of an e-commerce application.

Surveys/Questionnaires:

Distributing predefined questions to a large group of stakeholders to collect requirements.
Advantages: Efficient for gathering data from many participants.
Example: Sending a survey to employees about features they need in an internal tool.

Workshops:

Group discussions where stakeholders collaborate to identify requirements and resolve conflicts.
Advantages: Encourages brainstorming and builds consensus.
Example: Conducting a workshop with marketing and IT teams to design a customer relationship management (CRM) system.

Observation:

Watching how end-users currently perform tasks to identify pain points and opportunities for improvement.
Advantages: Provides real-world insights into processes and challenges.
Example: Observing bank tellers to understand their workflow for a banking software system.

Document Analysis:

Reviewing existing documentation such as business plans, user manuals, and system specifications.
Advantages: Helps understand current systems and processes.
Example: Analyzing previous project reports to identify requirements for system upgrades.

Focus Groups:

A moderated discussion with a group of stakeholders to gather opinions and ideas about the system.
Advantages: Captures diverse perspectives and fosters discussion.
Example: Engaging end-users to discuss their expectations for a mobile app.

Prototyping:

Creating a mock-up or prototype of the system to gather feedback and refine requirements.
Advantages: Helps stakeholders visualize the system and clarify vague requirements.
Example: Developing a prototype of an e-commerce website to gather user feedback on the interface.

Brainstorming:

A collaborative technique to generate ideas and prioritize requirements.
Advantages: Encourages creativity and innovation.
Example: Conducting a brainstorming session to define the features of a new product.

Joint Application Development (JAD):

A structured workshop involving stakeholders, developers, and project managers to define requirements collaboratively.
Advantages: Ensures alignment among all parties.
Example: Using JAD sessions to design a healthcare management system.

Use Case Analysis:

Creating scenarios or use cases that describe how users will interact with the system.
Advantages: Helps identify functional requirements and user flows.
Example: Defining use cases for a ticket-booking system.

Importance of Requirement Gathering

Ensures Alignment: Aligns the project with stakeholder expectations.
Minimizes Risks: Reduces misunderstandings and scope creep.
Improves Efficiency: Provides a clear roadmap for developers.
Enhances Quality: Ensures the final product meets user needs and business goals.

Effective requirement gathering lays the groundwork for successful project execution and helps avoid costly changes later in the development process.

Explain some software design tools like DFD , Decision tree and usecase diagram with examples.

Software Design Tools and Their Explanations

Software design tools are used to visualize, plan, and document the structure and functionality of a software system. These tools simplify the design process, facilitate communication among stakeholders, and ensure that all system aspects are clearly understood.

1. Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

Definition:

A Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the flow of data through a system. It shows how data enters, is processed, and exits the system, but does not include details about implementation or hardware.

Components:

External Entities: Represent sources or destinations of data (e.g., users or external systems).
Processes: Represent operations or transformations on data.
Data Stores: Represent storage locations for data.
Data Flows: Represent the flow of information between entities, processes, and data stores.

Example:

Designing an online shopping system:

External Entity: Customer
Process: Place Order
Data Store: Product Database
Data Flow: Order details from customer to system.

Diagram:

Customer → [Place Order] → Product Database.

another Example online Railway Reservation system of DFD is as follows:

Fig: DFD 0- Level

2. Decision Tree

Definition:

A Decision Tree is a tree-like diagram used for decision-making. It represents decisions, possible outcomes, and subsequent actions in a structured way.

Components:

Nodes: Represent decisions or tests.
Branches: Represent possible outcomes of decisions.
Leaves: Represent final outcomes or actions.

Example:

For a credit card application approval system:

Decision 1: Is the applicant's income > $50,000?

Yes → Go to Decision 2.
No → Reject application.

Decision 2: Does the applicant have a good credit score?

Yes → Approve application.
No → Reject application.

Diagram:

Income > $50,000?

├─ Yes → Credit Score > 700?

│ ├─ Yes → Approve

│ └─ No → Reject

└─ No → Reject

3. Use Case Diagram

Definition:

A Use Case Diagram is a graphical representation of user interactions with a system. It depicts the relationships between users (actors) and the use cases (functionalities) of the system.

Components:

Actors: Represent users or external systems interacting with the software.
Use Cases: Represent the functionalities or actions performed by the system.
Relationships: Show how actors and use cases interact.

Example:

Fig: Use Case Diagram of online Shopping system

Comparison of Tools

Tool	Purpose	Best Used For
DFD	Models data flow within a system.	Understanding how data is processed.
Decision Tree	Represents decisions and their possible outcomes.	Logical flow of decisions or business rules.
Use Case Diagram	Visualizes user interactions with the system.	Capturing system functionality at a high level.

Benefits of Using These Tools

Clarity: Simplify complex systems by breaking them into manageable parts.
Communication: Facilitate better understanding among stakeholders.
Problem Identification: Help in identifying potential flaws or missing components in the design.

These tools are integral to software design and development, ensuring that projects are well-structured and meet user needs.

How do various requirement gathering techniques help in achieving a careful grasp of user needs and system requirements during SDLC analyst phases?/Describe the different requirement collection methods.

Requirement gathering is a crucial step during the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC), especially in the analysis phase. The goal is to clearly understand what users need and define what the system must do to meet those needs. Using various requirement gathering techniques ensures a complete and accurate understanding of the requirements from different angles. Here's how each technique contributes:

1. Interviews

Direct interaction with stakeholders.
Benefits:

Allows in-depth understanding of user expectations.
Helps uncover implicit needs that users may not articulate clearly in documents.
Clarifies vague or conflicting requirements.

2. Questionnaires/Surveys

Collect information from a large number of users efficiently.
Benefits:

Helps gather quantitative data and user preferences.
Useful when stakeholders are geographically dispersed.

3. Observation (Job Shadowing)

Understand how users perform tasks in real-time.
Benefits:

Reveals actual user behavior, not just what they say they do.
Highlights inefficiencies and pain points in current processes.

4. Document Analysis

Review existing documentation such as process manuals, logs, reports, etc.
Benefits:

Provides baseline requirements and current system functionalities.
Identifies regulatory or legal requirements.

5. Workshops/Focus Groups

Collaborative sessions with multiple stakeholders.
Benefits:

Encourages brainstorming and group decision-making.
Helps resolve conflicting requirements through group discussions.

6. Prototyping

Build mock-ups or early models of the system.
Benefits:

Gives users a visual representation of the system.
Helps clarify requirements through feedback on the prototype.

7. Use Case and Scenario Analysis

Describe how users will interact with the system.
Benefits:

Focuses on user goals and system responses.
Identifies functional requirements and exceptions.

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